EMDR OVERVIEW

Quick Video

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Article from Psychology Today, Sept 2022.

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EMDR is a psychotherapy technique designed to relieve the distress associated with disturbing memories. Short for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, it involves recalling a specific troublesome experience while following a side-to-side visual stimulus delivered by the therapist. The resulting lateral eye movements are thought to help reduce the emotional charge of the memory so that the experience can be safely discussed, digested, and stripped of the power to trigger anxiety and avoidance.

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Despite numerous studies showing that the technique works for some patients, it has been highly controversial ever since it was introduced in 1987. No universally accepted theory has been put forth to explain how lateral eye movements are integral to the treatment. Further, the evidence is not clear that EMDR is superior to classic forms of exposure therapy, in which patients recall traumatic memories in the safe environment created by a therapist; repeated exposure to the aversive memory in the safe context diminishes fear and avoidance of the memory and any situation that might trigger it.

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When It's Used

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EMDR was initially developed as an individual treatment for people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but it has since been applied in the treatment of many other conditions. For example, it is used by some therapists to treat anxiety disorders, including panic and phobias, depression, dissociative disorders, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and some personality disorders.

To be a candidate for EMDR therapy, patients must be able to tolerate some emotional discomfort and not shut down emotionally or become too easily overwhelmed by feelings. Patients must be able to call on cognitive and emotional resources to reprocess their memories successfully.

What to Expect

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Expect a course of treatment that consists of six to 12 sessions, typically delivered one or two times a week, although some people may need fewer sessions. Studies suggest that a single distressing memory can be processed within three sessions.

After taking the patient’s history and explaining the procedure, the therapist helps the patient decide which past experiences will be the subject of treatment. The therapist then activates a disturbing memory by asking the patient to visualize or experience thoughts, feelings, or body sensations related to the event. Once a memory is activated, standard protocol calls for the therapist to assess the level of negative feelings and thoughts regarding the event as well as positive beliefs about oneself the patient wishes to bolster, and then to administer the bilateral visual stimulation.

Patients can expect to experience some level of emotional and physical discomfort while recalling distressing memories. Throughout the procedure, as new feelings and thoughts emerge and are discussed, the therapist samples the level and nature of emotional and cognitive distress and any somatic distress. Sessions end when the patient feels manageably calm, with instructions on how to handle disturbing thoughts and feelings between sessions. Subsequent sessions always begin with an assessment of memories that may have emerged since the previous treatment.

How It Works

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EMDR is based on the so-called Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model and is said to directly target the way a distressing memory is stored in the brain. The assumption is that past disturbing experiences continue to cause distress because they were not adequately processed, and when such memories are triggered in the present, they contain all the same emotions, thoughts, and physical sensations as the initial experience.

Despite evidence that the technique works, no conclusive explanation for how it does so has ever been put forth. In fact, studies have even questioned whether eye movements are necessary for the procedure, suggesting that the real work of desensitization to traumatic memories is accomplished through recalling, confronting, and reprocessing aversive memories under the guidance of a skilled therapist—exposure therapy.

Nevertheless, a new theory may be emerging. Years of research conducted on the visual system have persuaded neuroscientist Andrew Huberman of Stanford University that the lateral movement of the eyes is necessary—and explanatory. Such movement mimics optic flow, he says, and that calms down the fear system, temporarily diminishing the sense of threat that traumatic memories hold.

The eyes are a part of the central nervous system, the only part outside the cranium. In a study reported in Current Biology, he found that the eyes cue the brain to be alert or relaxed—that is, they adjust the inner state.

In a brain imaging study reported in the Journal of Neuroscience, a team of Dutch researchers found that lateral eye movements suppress the amygdala, one of the primary threat detection centers in the brain. The eye movements activate a dorsal frontoparietal network and transiently deactivate the amygdala. The downregulation of amygdala activity engages a ventromedial prefrontal pathway known to be involved in the cognitive regulation of emotion. Twenty-four hours later, those who underwent reactivation of aversive memories with lateral eye movements had less fear of recalling such memories.

The lateral eye movements of EMDR are akin to those that occur naturally during walking when the eye senses movement via the lateral streaming of visual imagery, so-called optic flow. Huberman observes. “It makes sense from an evolutionary perspective. We’ve always been confronted with threats—animal threats, interpersonal threats. Forward movement is the way you suppress the fear response.” The visual system, he notes, “is a steering wheel and brake of the nervous system. The brain will follow the visual system in many ways.”

References

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EMDR International Association. Accessed Feb 8, 2017.    

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Shapiro F. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Mental Research Institute

Arkowitz H and Lilienfeld SO. EMDR: Taking a Closer Look. Scientific American. August 1, 2012.

Shapiro F. The role of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy in medicine: addressing the psychological and physical symptoms stemming from adverse life experiences. The Permanente Journal. Winter 2014;18(1):71-77

Balban, Melis, Erin Cafaro, Lauren Fletcher, Marlon Washington, Maryam Bijanzadeh, A. Lee, Edward Chang, and Andrew Huberman. “Human Responses to Visually Evoked Threat.” Current Biology, 31, no. 3 (November 25, 2020): 601-12.

Lycia D. de Voogd, Jonathan W. Kanen, David A. Neville, Karin Roelofs, Guillén Fernández and Erno J. Hermans. “Eye-Movement Intervention Enhances Extinction via Amygdala Deactivation.” Journal of Neuroscience 3 October 2018, 38 (40) 8694-8706.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy, Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, American Psychological Association